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In this action EPA conducted the risk and technology review for National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) from Off-Site Waste and Recovery Operations. The Clean Air Act (CAA) sections 112(f)(2) and 112(d)(6) require EPA to conduct residual risk and technology reviews. Under the "technology review" provision of the CAA section 112, EPA is required to review maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards and to revise them "as necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes and control technologies)" no less frequently than every eight years. Under the "residual risk" provision of CAA section 112, EPA must evaluate the MACT standards within eight years after promulgation and amend the standards if required to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or prevent an adverse environmental effect. As part of this NESHAP revision, EPA also removed the startup, shutdown and malfunction exemptions as required by recent court decisions. Changes to the rule were proposed at 79 FR 37849 on July 2, 2014, as a result of the risk assessment and the technology review.