The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) is amending the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to implement sanctions on Russia pursuant to section 306(a) of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991. Pursuant to the Act, the United States Government has determined that the Government of the Russian Federation has used chemical weapons in violation of international law or lethal chemical weapons against its own nationals. In addition, the United States Government has determined and certified to Congress pursuant to section 307(d) of the Act that it is essential to the national security interests of the United States to partially waive the application of the sanctions with respect to, among other things, the licensing of national security-sensitive goods and technology. Accordingly, this final rule amends the EAR to establish a general policy of denial for license applications for exports, reexports, or transfers (in-country) of items controlled for national security reasons to Russia, with certain exceptions.