In this notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM), the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) proposes information and communications technology and services (ICTS) controls to address risks to national security and U.S. persons posed by certain transactions involving classes of ICTS that are designed, developed, manufactured or supplied by entities under the ownership or control of, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of, a foreign adversary, pursuant to Executive Order 13873 and the procedures set out in subsequent rulemaking. BIS has determined cloud computing products and services and data center products and services, as further defined herein, that are designed, developed, manufactured or supplied by entities under the ownership or control of, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of, a foreign adversary present inherent vulnerabilities to certain end users and end uses.