As directed by Congress, EPA issued the first e-Manifest final rule in 2014 to authorize the use of electronic manifests and to codify key provisions of the Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest Establishment Act. At that time, EPA explained that use of an electronic manifest is expected unless waste handlers elect to use paper manifests for tracking the transportation of hazardous waste manifested shipments. While EPA granted users the option to opt out of using electronic manifests, EPA explained that the Agency will closely monitor the use of electronic manifests and paper manifests and adopt appropriate fee-based or other incentives to promote as complete a transition to electronic manifesting as is possible. EPA also explained that its goal is to maximize the use of electronic manifests by the user community to realize the full benefits and efficiencies of electronic manifests as quickly as possible. In 2018, EPA issued the second e-Manifest rule to establish the fee structure for the hazardous waste e-Manifest system and began the operation of the e-Manifest system to modernize the nation’s cradle-to-grave hazardous waste tracking process. However, since launching the e-Manifest system, only a very small fraction of the two million manifests received annually by EPA are electronic manifests, despite years of system improvements and outreach to industry. Thus, EPA’s longstanding goal for electronic manifest use has not been met. To that end, EPA is advancing efforts in this action to transition from paper to electronic manifests by establishing a clear timeline for phasing out paper manifests.