The final rule, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production" (see 79 FR 48073) addresses results of residual risk and technology reviews. The original Flexible Polyurethane Foam MACT standard was promulgated in October 1998 (see 63 FR 53980). Under the risk and technology reviews conducted in this action, EPA has met the Clean Air Act (CAA) requirement to review standards issued under CAA section 112 and to revise them "as necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes and control technologies)" no less frequently than every 8 years. EPA also has met its requirement to evaluate and promulgate standards under CAA section 112 (f)(2) to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or prevent an adverse environmental effect. Included in this final action are results of our evaluation of inhalation risks, including cancer risk and incidence, population cancer risk, and non-cancer effects (chronic and acute). Additionally, the effectiveness and cost of additional risk reduction options, and acceptability and ample-margin-of-safety determinations are discussed in the final rule, along with the results of the technology review.