Section 104(b) of the CPSIA requires the Commission to consult with representatives of consumer groups, juvenile product manufacturers, and independent child product engineers and experts, to assess the effectiveness of voluntary standards for durable infant or toddler products, and then to promulgate mandatory standards for these products. 15 U.S.C. 2056a(b)(1). The mandatory standard must be substantially the same as the voluntary standard, or may be more stringent than the voluntary standard, if the Commission determines that more stringent requirements would further reduce the risk of injury associated with the product.  Staff is currently reviewing safety standards applicable to hand-held infant carrier seats, as defined by ASTM F2050-19 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Hand-Held Infant Carriers, to develop a proposed NPRM to assist in the development of requirements for firmness of handheld infant carriers to prevent injuries and deaths resulting from the hazard of suffocation or asphyxiation posed by insufficiently firm padding. Staff plans to submit to the Commission an NPRM briefing package in fiscal year 2024.