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This rulemaking would establish a civil penalty rate applicable to automobile manufacturers that fail to meet applicable CAFE standards and are unable to offset such a deficit with compliance credits. NHTSA is proposing this civil penalty rate based on a tentative determination regarding the applicability of the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015, and in accordance with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). The rulemaking also proposes to increase the maximum penalty permitted for other violations of EPCA, as amended, to account for inflation, pursuant to the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015.