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This action addresses the agency's technology review of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for lead acid battery manufacturing area sources and the statutorily required review of the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for lead acid battery manufacturing plants. The lead acid battery manufacturing NESHAP, 40 CFR subpart PPPPPP, was promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) by final rule on July 16, 2007 and then by direct final rule on March 26, 2008. The NESHAP established emission limitations for controlling emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from area sources using generally available control technologies. The lead acid battery manufacturing NSPS, 40 CFR subpart KK, was promulgated pursuant to section 111(b) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) on April 16, 1982. The NSPS established standards of performance in the form of emission limitations based on the best system of emission reductions (BSER) (taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements). The pollutant covered by the rules and emitted from grid casting, paste mixing, three-process operations, lead oxide manufacturing, lead reclamation, and other lead-emitting operations is lead. This action implements the review requirements of CAA section 112(d)(6) and CAA section 111(b)(1)(B). The CAA section 112(d)(6) requires the EPA to review and revise the emission standards as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes and control technologies, no less often than every 8 years. The CAA section 111(b)(1)(B) requires the EPA to review, and if appropriate, revise the standards of performance based on the BSER, no less often than every 8 years. The proposed action was published on February 23, 2022. Pursuant to the Our Children's Earth consent decree, the EPA is obligated to finalize this action by February 9, 2023.