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On March 29, 2024, EPA finalized more stringent standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from HD vehicles beginning in model year (MY) 2027. The new standards apply to HD vocational vehicles (such as delivery trucks, refuse haulers, public utility trucks, transit, shuttle, school buses, etc.) and tractors (such as day cabs and sleeper cabs on tractor-trailer trucks). Specifically, EPA finalized stronger CO2 standards for MY 2027 HD vehicles that go beyond the current standards that apply under the HD Phase 2 Greenhouse Gas program. EPA also finalized an additional set of CO2 standards for HD vehicles that would begin to apply in MY 2028, with progressively more stringent standards each model year through 2032. The final “Phase 3” standards build on EPA’s Heavy-Duty Phase 2 program from 2016 and maintain that program’s flexible structure, which is designed to reflect the diverse nature of the heavy-duty vehicle industry. The standards are technology-neutral and performance-based, allowing each manufacturer to choose what set of emissions control technologies is best suited for them and the needs of their customers.