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EPA/WATER RIN: 2040-AA97 Publication ID: Fall 1997 
Title: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Groundwater Disinfection 
Abstract: The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1996, directs EPA to promulgate NPDWRs requiring disinfection as a treatment technique for all public water systems. EPA will propose that public water systems using ground water be required to disinfect only as necessary. To determine if treatment is necessary, the rule will establish a framework to identify vulnerable public water supplies and to develop and implement risk control strategies including but not limited to disinfection. This rule will reduce microbial contamination risk from public water systems relying on groundwater as their drinking water source. The sources of microbial contamination are ubiquitous, and contamination can cause diarrhea, other gastrointestinal illness, hepatitis, and a variety of other illnesses. The approximately 180,000 public water systems that use groundwater not under direct influence of surface water, serving about 90 million people, will be affected by this regulation. The proposed structure of the rule is a series of barriers to microbial contamination. The proposed barriers are source water protection and vulnerability assessment; assessment and maintenance of the well, treatment facility and distribution system; disinfection; disinfection residual in the distribution system; and monitoring. Known treatment technologies include chlorine, chloramines, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet. All States with primacy would be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the rule, including enforcement of monitoring, recordkeeping, reporting, public notification and treatment requirements. Local and tribal governments which own water systems are responsible for implementing the requirements of the rule. 
Agency: Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)  Priority: Economically Significant 
RIN Status: Previously published in the Unified Agenda Agenda Stage of Rulemaking: Long-Term Actions 
Major: Yes  Unfunded Mandates: State, local, or tribal governments 
CFR Citation: 40 CFR 141    40 CFR 142   
Legal Authority: 42 USC 300    Safe Drinking Water Act sec 1412   
Legal Deadline:
Action Source Description Date
Final  Statutory  Publish radon risk reduction and cost analysis  05/00/2020 
Timetable:
Action Date FR Cite
NPRM  12/00/1998    
Final  05/00/2002    
Additional Information: SAN No. 2340. ^PRFA: Y
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required: Yes  Government Levels Affected: Federal, Local, State, Tribal 
Small Entities Affected: Businesses, Governmental Jurisdictions, Organizations 
Included in the Regulatory Plan: No 
Agency Contact:
Bruce Macler
Environmental Protection Agency
Water
Region IX,
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone:415 744-1884

Erin Flannery-Keith
Environmental Protection Agency
Water
4607, 4203M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20460
Phone:202 566-0689
Email: flannery-keith.erin@epa.gov