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Under this action, the EPA has finalized a Clean Water Act (CWA) regulation that will better protect human health and the environment and protect the operational integrity of publicly owned treatment works. The rule establishes pretreatment standards that prevent the discharge of pollutants in wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and gas (UOG) extraction facilities to publicly owned treatment works (POTW). UOG extraction wastewater can be generated in large quantities and contains constituents that are potentially harmful to human health and the environment. Because they are not typical of POTW influent wastewater, some UOG extraction wastewater constituents can be discharged, untreated, from the POTW to the receiving stream; can disrupt the operation of the POTW (e.g., by inhibiting biological treatment); can accumulate in biosolids (sewage sludge), limiting their use; and can facilitate the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). Based on the information reviewed as part of this rulemaking, this final rule reflects current industry practice. While POTW discharge has been used in the past, the EPA has not identified any existing onshore UOG facilities that currently discharge wastewater to publicly owned treatment works. Rather, industry disposes of these wastewaters in injection wells, reuses the wastewater to fracture another well, or sends the wastewater off-site to a centralized waste treatment facility. This final rule fills a gap in existing federal wastewater regulations to ensure that the current practice of not sending wastewater discharges from this sector to POTWs continues into the future.