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This final action will address the agency's residual risk and technology review (RTR) of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Pulp and Paper Combustion Sources. The Pulp and Paper Combustion Sources NESHAP, subpart MM, was promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) on January 12, 2001, and amended in 2003. The NESHAP established emission limitations based on maximum achievable control technology (MACT) for controlling emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from recovery furnaces, lime kilns and smelt dissolving tanks at kraft, soda, sulfite and semi-chemical pulp mills. The main HAP emitted from these sources are HAP metals. This action will implement the residual risk review requirements of CAA section 112(f)(2) and the technology review requirements of CAA section 112(d)(6). The statute directs the EPA to promulgate emission standards under CAA 112(f)(2) if such standards are required to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent, taking relevant factors into account, an adverse environmental effect. Any such standards are to be promulgated within eight years after promulgation of MACT standards under CAA section 112(d). CAA section 112(d)(6) requires the EPA to review and revise the MACT standards as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes and control technologies, no less often than every eight years. Pursuant to a court order, the EPA was obligated to complete the final action by October 1, 2017. This final completed action published in the Federal Register on October 11, 2017, at 82 FR 47328.