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Statement of Need: FDA is adopting regulations that would establish requirements for a new comprehensive food safety assurance program for both domestically produced and imported fruit and vegetable juices that would be based on the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP). FDA intends to adopt a juice HACCP regulation because there have been a number of outbreaks of illnesses associated with juice products, including some directly affecting children, and because the agency believes that a system of preventive controls is the most effective and efficient way to ensure that these products will be safe.

Summary of the Legal Basis: Failure of a processor to have and implement a HACCP system will render the food products of that processor adulterated under section 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Whether a processor's actions are consistent with ensuring the safety of food will be determined through an evaluation of the overall implementation of the firm's HACCP system.

Alternatives: The two principal alternatives to HACCP are end-product testing and comprehensive current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs). FDA has concluded, based on information available at this time, that these alternatives lack the distinct advantages of a HACCP-based approach. End-product testing does not address the root causes of food safety problems, is not preventive by design, and requires that a large number of samples be analyzed to ensure product integrity. CGMPs are not practical because they are plant-wide operating procedures and do not concentrate on the identification and prevention of food hazards.

Anticipated Costs and Benefits: In general terms, HACCP focuses on prevention and is designed to prevent the occurrence of hazards affecting food; HACCP permits more effective and efficient oversight by Federal, State, and local governments; and HACCP appropriately places primary responsibility for ensuring food safety on the food manufacturer/distributor to analyze, in a rational, scientific manner, its production processes in order to identify critical control points and establish critical limits and monitoring procedures. FDA anticipates that costs to industry generated by implementation of HACCP would be offset in four ways: (1) by reducing the amount of food-borne illnesses (for example, total illness reduction benefits estimated to result from FDA's HACCP-based requirements for seafood regulation are between $15 and $75 million per year); (2) by increasing public confidence in the Nation's food supply; (3) by enabling U.S. food companies to compete more effectively in the world market (for example, current recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius Commission's Committee on Food Hygiene encourage the use of the HACCP system, and the European Community (EC) has begun to require that foods produced within the EC be processed under HACCP requirements); and (4) by decreasing the number of future product recalls.

Risks: Any potential for contamination of the food supply with industrial chemicals or microbial pathogens must be considered a very serious risk because of the possibility that such contamination could be widespread, affecting whole segments of the population, causing some severe long-term effects and even loss of life. FDA made a decision to adopt a HACCP-based approach to regulate seafood, based on a considerable body of literature and expertise in this area. Likewise, FDA has reviewed current information on hazards associated with unprocessed juice, and intends to propose that processors use HACCP in the manufacture of certain juice products.