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This action will address the Agency's residual risk and technology review (RTR) of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Primary Copper Smelting. The Primary Copper Smelting NESHAP, subpart QQQ, was promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) on June 12, 2002. The NESHAP established emission limitations and/or work practice requirements based on maximum achievable control technology (MACT) for controlling emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from primary copper smelters that use conventional batch copper converters. The HAP emitted from primary copper smelters include 11 toxic air pollutants, compounds containing antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium. This action will implement the residual risk review requirements of CAA section 112(f)(2) and the technology review requirements of CAA section 112(d)(6). The statute directs the EPA to promulgate emission standards under CAA 112(f)(2) if such standards are required to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent, taking relevant factors into account, an adverse environmental effect. Any such standards are to be promulgated within 8 years after promulgation of MACT standards under CAA section 112(d). CAA section 112(d)(6) requires the EPA to review and revise the MACT standards as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes, and control technologies, no less often than every 8 years. Pursuant to a court order, the EPA is obligated to complete this action by October 1, 2021.