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NMFS has completed a review of the North Atlantic right whale vessel speed rule (per 50 CFR 224.105; 78 FR 73726, December 9, 2013). Through this action, NMFS invites comment on the report as well as information that may inform potential revisions to existing management strategies and regulations to further reduce the risk of vessel strikes of North Atlantic right whales.

Statement of Need:

This action is needed to further reduce the likelihood of mortalities and serious injuries to endangered North Atlantic right whales from vessel collisions, which are a leading cause of the species’ decline and contributing to the ongoing Unusual Mortality Event (2017 - present). Following two decades of growth, the species has been in decline over the past decade with a best population estimate of fewer than 350 individuals. Entanglement in fishing gear and vessel strikes are the two primary causes of North Atlantic right whale mortality and serious injury across their range, and human-caused mortality to adult females, in particular, is limiting recovery of the species.

Summary of the Legal Basis:

NMFS is implementing this rule pursuant to its rulemaking authority under MMPA section 112(a) (16 U.S.C. 1382(a)), and ESA section 11(f) (16 U.S.C. 1540(f)).

Alternatives:

In January 2021, NMFS released, and solicited public comment on, an assessment of the current right whale vessel speed rule (50 CFR 224.105). The assessment highlighted the need to address collision risk from vessels less than 65 ft in length and modify the boundaries and timing of Seasonal Management Areas (SMAs) to better reflect current whale and vessel traffic distribution, along with other recommendations to improve vessel strike mitigation efforts. In 2022, NMFS completed a coastwide right whale vessel strike risk model (Garrison et al. 2022), which informed development of the proposed modifications to the existing speed rule. At the proposed rule stage, there are a number of alternatives considered in the draft Regulatory Impact Review and draft Environmental Assessment. The Preferred Alternative would modify the spatial and temporal boundaries of the existing SMAs to create newly proposed Seasonal Speed Zones (SSZs), add smaller vessels down to 35 ft in length, and establish a mandatory Dynamic Speed Zone program.

Anticipated Costs and Benefits:

Under the Preferred Alternative, NMFS estimated modifications to the speed rule would cost just over $46 million per year. Estimated costs would be borne primarily by the owners and operators of vessels currently transiting within newly expanded portions of SSZs along the U.S. East Coast. Owners and operators of vessels of applicable size classes that regularly transit within active SSZs at speeds in excess of 10 knots would be most affected. Vessels operating in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions are expected to bear the majority of costs (89%). Potential benefits stemming from this action include a reduction in North Atlantic right whale mortalities and serious injuries resulting from collisions with vessels, with potential reduction in vessel strike risk for other large whale species.

Risks:

This will be a high-profile action and is essential to ensure long-term recovery of North Atlantic right whales. Given the endangered status of the North Atlantic right whale, the large geographic area, and number of stakeholders subject to the updated regulations, modification to the current speed rule will be both controversial and of high interest. Changes to the current speed rule are necessary to: 1) address a misalignment between existing Seasonal Management Areas and places/times with elevated strike risk, and 2) mitigate currently unregulated lethal strike risk from vessels 35-65 ft in length.