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In April 2020, the EPA and the Department of the Army (“the agencies”) published the Navigable Waters Protection Rule that revised the previously codified definition of “waters of the United States” (85 FR 22250, April 21, 2020). The Navigable Waters Protection Rule was vacated by courts. On January 18, 2023, the agencies issued a final rule (88 FR 3004) that is founded on the familiar framework of the pre-2015 regulations, is consistent with the statute and informed by relevant Supreme Court decisions, and that reflects a reasonable interpretation based on the record before the agencies, including the best available science. The final rule, which replaces the NWPR in regulation, establishes a clear and reasonable definition of "waters of the United States” and supports public health, environmental protection, agricultural, and economic growth across the United States.