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This action will address the agency’s residual risk and technology review (RTR) of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Primary Copper Smelting. Clean Air Act (CAA) section 112(d)(6) requires the EPA to review and revise standards promulgated under section 112 as necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes and control technologies) no less often than every 8 years. This is known as the technology review. CAA section 112(f)(2) directs the EPA to review maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards promulgated under section 112(d) to determine whether additional standards are required to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent, taking relevant factors into account, an adverse environmental effect. Any such standards are to be promulgated within 8 years after promulgation of MACT standards under CAA section 112(d). This is known as the residual risk review. This action will address the residual risk review requirements of CAA section 112(f)(2) and the technology review requirements of CAA section 112(d)(6) for the Primary Copper Smelting NESHAP, subpart QQQ, which was promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) of the CAA on June 12, 2002. The NESHAP established emission limitations and/or work practice requirements based on MACT for controlling emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from primary copper smelters that use conventional batch copper converters. The HAP emitted from primary copper smelters include HAP metals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and nickel. This action will also address the CAA section 112(d)(6) technology review of the area source NESHAP for Primary Copper Smelting. The Primary Copper Smelting area source NESHAP, subpart EEEEEE, was promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) of the CAA on January 23, 2007. The area source NESHAP includes emissions limits and work practice standards that reflect generally available control technologies (GACT) and/or management practices in the primary copper smelting category. The Primary Copper Smelting major source NESHAP, subpart QQQ has a court-ordered deadline for signature of the final rule by May 2, 2024