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This action applies in certain states for which EPA has either disapproved a good neighbor” state implementation plan (SIP) submission under CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) or has made a finding of failure to submit such a SIP submission for the 2015 ozone NAAQS. This action determines whether and to what extent ozone-precursor emissions reductions are required to eliminate significant contribution or interference with maintenance from upwind states that are linked to air quality problems in other states for the 2015 8-hour ozone NAAQS. For states that EPA determined to be linked to a downwind nonattainment or maintenance receptor, EPA conducted further analysis consistent with the 4-step interstate transport framework, and determined what additional emissions controls were required in such states and developed an enforceable program for implementation of such controls. These emissions control measures include a combination of approaches, including emissions reductions from power plants through a NOx Allowance Trading Program and emissions reductions in certain industrial sources through industry-specific NOx emissions standards. EPA issued a final action on June 5, 2023 (88 FR 36654).